Understanding the Concept of the Soul in Indian Religions

The concept of the soul in Indian religions—Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism—varies significantly from Western interpretations. These traditions agree on the existence of a vital, incorporeal aspect of life, often linked to the law of karma, which influences the cycle of birth and rebirth (saṃsāra). Unlike Western views of an eternal, individual soul, Indian perspectives reject the notion of a permanent, personified soul. Instead, liberation from saṃsāra is seen as the ultimate goal, achieved through spiritual knowledge and practices unique to each tradition. Various philosophical schools within Hinduism, such as Advaita Vedānta and Dvaita, offer differing views on the relationship between the self and the divine. Buddhism emphasizes the doctrine of anātman, denying a permanent self, while Jainism focuses on the soul's liberation from karma. Sikhism presents the soul as a divine spark, emphasizing unity with God. Overall, these traditions explore complex notions of the self, individuality, and the spiritual journey towards liberation.