The Ancient Technology of Qanats: Underground Aqueducts for Sustainable Water Supply
A qanat, also known as karez, is an underground aqueduct originating from ancient Iran, designed to transport groundwater from mountains to lower areas using gravity. This technology, which began in the first millennium BC, involves hand-digging tunnels with vertical shafts for access and maintenance. Qanats have spread across various regions, including Japan, Morocco, and the Americas. Despite their significance in water supply, particularly in arid regions, the construction of new qanats has greatly declined since the 1970s due to the rise of modern water extraction methods. However, many existing qanats continue to function and supply water to millions, especially in Iran, which houses a large percentage of the world's qanats.
Key Points:
- Qanats are underground aqueducts that transport groundwater using gravity.
- Originated in ancient Iran, with a history dating back to at least the first millennium BC.
- Construction involves significant manual labor and investment, often taking years to complete.
- Spread to various countries, although new construction has decreased significantly.
- Qanats provide sustainable water supply in dry regions and have social and agricultural importance.
What is a qanat?
A qanat is an underground aqueduct used to transport groundwater from mountains to lower areas using gravity.
Where did the qanat originate?
The qanat originated in ancient Iran, likely in the first millennium BC, and has since spread to other parts of the world.
Why has the construction of new qanats declined?
The construction of new qanats has declined due to the introduction of modern water extraction methods, such as drilling wells and using pumps, which are cheaper and require less maintenance.